Introduction: Gama amino butyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. The concentration of GABA and the number of GABA cell secretion decrease in diabetic patient and experimental diabetes model. The reported effects of GABA activation on insulin secretion from beta cells have been controversial. In this study we investigated if GABA administration in animal diabetes model can change insulin and glucagon secretion and improve some diabetic symptoms.Methods: Twenty fourth-week old NOD mi (Non obese diabetic mice) ce were used. Two months after diabetic induction animals were divided into the two groups. One group received 200 mmol of GABA and the other group received phosphate buffer solution (PBS) for one month.Results: GABA administration could significantly decrease plasma glucose and glucagon level, water consumption and urine volume and body fat distribution in the mesenteric bed and abdominal wall. It also could increase plasma Cpeptide level and it has not effect on food intake.Conclusion: NOD mice is very good genetically model for type one diabetes and GABA administration in this mice could treatment some of diabetic symptom. It seems may be we could use of GABA for treatment of diabetic symptom in future.

Background: Vaspin is an adipokine secreted from fatty tissues that has serious effects on adipose tissues, muscles, liver, and inflammation. Purpose: The study aimed at determining the effects of 8 weeks of combined training (resistance and endurance) on the serum vaspin level in obese girls. Method: The examinees consisted of 25 obese female students (BMI> 30) from Sistan-Baluchestan University in 2016-17 academic years who voluntarily participated in the research. Samples were divided randomly into two groups: Training (n = 13) and Control (n = 12). Combined training group had both resistance training (5 stations of foot press, Lat pulldown, biceps curl, knee flexion and knee extension for 75-70 minutes) and; endurance was running on the treadmill; in the 2 first weeks, with 60% HRmax for 25 minutes, in the 3-6th weeks with 75-65% HRmax for 35 minutes, and in the 6-8th weeks with 75-85% HRmax for 40 minutes, continuously, for 3sessions each week. Also 10 minutes at the beginning and at the end of the training were warm up and cool down for athletes. It should be noted that during this period the control group did not participate in any kind of sports activities. After receiving the consent forms, the examinees were given enough information regarding the research procedure and their blood samples were obtained in a standard position, collected in pipes containing EDTA, and centrifuged 24 and 48 hours before and after the first and last training sessions, respectively. The obtained plasmas were kept at-80 ° C and their serum vaspin concentrations were measured by ELISA method using the special Human Vaspin kit. To analyze the data, the paired and independent t-test and SPSS-21 Software were performed; the meaningfulness level p was considered to be less than 0. 05 (p < 0. 05). Results: Results showed that after 8 weeks of combined training, the vaspin levels, weight, BMI, WHR, and %BF decreased meaningfully in the training Group compared to the control Group (P <0. 05). Conclusions: considering the meaningful vaspin reduction in this study, it seems that combined training (resistance and endurance) is beneficial to obese and overweighed people.

Background and Objectives: Obesity is associated with increased inflammatory factors such as fibrinogen and white blood cells. However, physically active people have lower levels of inflammatory factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on fibrinogen level and blood cell number of obese girls. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as semi-experimental and subjects were divided (BMI > 30) into two groups: aerobic training (AT, 12 subject) and control (Con, 12 subject). The former group did aerobic exercises for eight weeks (four sessions a week, each session 60 min with the max heart beat 65-75%). Blood samples were taken before and after the exercise program. T-test was used to compare the groups (using SPSS-16 statistical software and the significance level of p < 0. 05). Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise program had no significant effect on the fibrinogen level in the experimental (29. 19 ± 2. 46) and control (28. 08 ± 2. 59) groups and also on blood cell (p < 0/05). Osmolality was significantly reduced in the training group. Similarly, the dietary micronutrients and macronutrients analysis showed that between control and experimental groups throughout the training, there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise had no significant effect on plasma fibrinogen and blood cells in obese girls. It seems that the exercise program should be associated with weight loss and reduction of fat mass to improve inflammatory markers associated with obesity.

the aim of current study was to compare eating habits of early years of life and attachment styles of obese girls with normal weight girls.One hundred and fifty students with normal weight and 150 obese students were selected from Rafsanjan, Iran using purposive sampling method. The participants’ age range was between 9 and 11 years. The participants completed the Demographic Questionnaire, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (Musher-Eizenman, 2007), and the Inventory of Parent Attachment (Gullone & Robinson, 2005). The results of independent-samples t test indicated significant differences between the two groups in scores of the Feeding Practices subscales (such as child control, emotion regulation with food, encourage balance/ variety, food as a reward, involvement, pressure to eat, restriction for health, restriction for weight). No differences were found between the groups in the scores of attachment styles. The two groups had different birth weight. The obese girls’ parents had higher BMI than normal girls’ parents. The findings can be used in understanding childhood obesity, obesity prevention, and designing therapeutic interventions. The findings suggested that certain eating habit can be modified through culturally appropriate training.

Amis: Osteoporosis is considered as a widespread problem for women, which causes bone fractures after simple trauma. In long term, exercise can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of walking program on bone mass density in prevention of bone loss and osteoporosis in obese and thin girls.Materials & Methods: 40 non-athlete obese and thin girls of Gilan University who were volunteered to participate in the study were randomly divided into four experimental and control groups. The measurements of bone mass density or BMD (hip and spine), body composition (weight, fat mass percentage, fat free mass) and blood variables (phosphorus, calcium, serum estrogen) were done before and after the intervention. Experimental groups performed an exercise program that included 30 minutes walking with heart rate intensity of 50 to 75%, 3 sessions per week for two months. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results: bone mass density in both experimental groups slightly increased after two months. But this increase was not significant (p>0.05). Also no significant change was observed in blood factors of young girls comparing to basic value (p>0.05). But, walking program had significant effect on all components of body composition in obese and thin girls (p<0.05).Conclusion: long term and intensive walking program has positive effects on BMD and its effective factors in young girls.

Background and Aim: The overweight and obesity have spread among many communities and countries in recent years. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness training on emotion self-regulation and self-compassion in obese girls. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental and had a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all obese girls who visited Mehr Counseling Clinic of Tehran in 2020. A total of 40 girls were selected by the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. Research tools included the emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003), and self-compassion scale (Neff, 2006). The experimental group received 10 one-hour sessions of mindfulness training twice a week but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), and analysis of covariance by SPSS 26 Results: The results indicated that mindfulness training had a positive and significant effect on increasing the self-compassion score in participants in the experimental group (P<0. 05). There was a significant difference in emotion regulation scores between the two groups in the post-test (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The research results indicated that mindfulness training was effective in improving self-compassion and emotion regulation of girls with obesity. The researcher suggests a 3-month follow-up period to achieve reliable results.

Background: Aerobic exercise is an important component of pulmonary functions for obese adolescents. There are few studies on aerobic exercise and pulmonary function in obese adolescence.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of selected aerobic exercise training on some pulmonary function of Iranian obese girls.Patients and Methods: Forty-five, apparently obese adolescence, aged 14 - 15 years were randomly divided into three groups (15 subjects in each group) including rope skipping, jogging and control groups. Experimental groups participated in a twelve- week program (3 sessions a week, each session for 45 minutes) while control group had no plan of exercise. A spirometry test was taken 24 hours before and after the training protocol. Statistical analysis using the one-way analysis of variance was used (P<0.05).Results: The results suggested that all anthropometric characteristics of both experimental groups including weight, body mass index (BMI), percent body fat (PBF), waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly improved after exercise protocol, furthermore, ventilation capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) were significantly improved in experimental groups compared to control group (P<0.001), while no significant difference was found between two experimental groups in ventilation functions (P>0.001).Conclusions: We conclude that appropriate aerobic exercise can improve lung function in obese adolescence.

Introduction: The fast invereasing trend of adolescent obesity is causing concern in developing countries such as Iran, making Identification of the related factors assential for its control and prevention. The aim of this study was to explain the phenomenon and the factors from the view of obese adolescent girls of urban.Materials and Methods: For this qualitative study, ten focus group discussions were used to collect data from 32 obese girls, aged 12-16 y. All group discussions were recorded and analyzed and classified immediately after focus group discussions.Results: Results showed teens to be dissatisfied with their current situation and obesity; although they had positive attitudes towards some basic food groups and to physical activity, they did not have the necessary motivation and self-efficacy for weight control. In their opinion, parents, teachers, peers and mass media played a significant role in the adoption of nutritional behaviors.Conclusion: Educational programs need to be implemented for health promotion and behavioral changes. Using group discussions, the findings of this study can be effective in designing interventions to change lifestyles and prevent obesity in adolescents.

Introduction: Obesity as one of the major problems in developing societies is associated with eating disorder and rumination. One way to reduce psychological problems among obese people is to use schema therapy. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of schema therapy on eating and rumination disorders among obese adolescent girls in Ahvaz. Materials and Methods: The present study employed a quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The research population included high school obese adolescent female students in Ahvaz in the qcdemic year 2018-2019. The research sample consisted of 50 students who were selected using availablilty sampling technique and were randomly placed into two equal groups. The members of the experimental group participated in 10 schema therapysessions, each lasting 70 minutes, while the control group didn’ t receive any treatment. The data were collected by administering eating disorder and rumination disorder questionnaires and analyzed by the paired and independent samples t-tests and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the participants in the experimental and control groups in terms of eating disorder and rumination in the pre-intervention phase. However, the two groups showed significant differences in terms of both variables upon the completion of the intervention. In other words, schema therapy led to a significant decrease in the eating disorder (F=73. 246, p<0. 001) and rumination (F=81. 116, p<0. 001) of obese adolescent girls. Conclusion: Based on the results, counselors and therapists are recommended to use schema therapy along with other treatment techniques to reduce eating disorder and rumination of obese adolescent girls.